Interactive pathways of the CNS
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Introduction

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Schemes of sections through brain and brain stem

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Spino-thalamic tract

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Spino-bulbo-thalamo-cortical tract

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Spino-reticular tract

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Lemniscal system-pathway of dorsal funiculi

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Quiz- Topography of the spino-thalamic tract

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Quiz-Topography of the lemniscal system

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Cortico-spinal tract

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Cortico-spinal tract in MRI

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Rubro-spinal tract

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Tecto-spinal tract

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Vestibulo-spinal tract

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Reticulo-spinal tract

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Quiz- Topography of the cortico-spinal tract

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Static constituent in the pathway of dorsal funiculi

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The kinetic constituent - ventral spino-cerebellar tract

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The kinetic constituent - dorsal spino-cerebellar tract

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Spino-olivar tract

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Direct vestibulo-cerebellar tract

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Indirect vestibulo-cerebellar tract

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Neocerebellar circuits

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Cerebellar efferents

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Control cerebellar circuit of Papez

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Quiz - receptors

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Quiz - static proprioception

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Quiz - ventral spino-cerebellar tract

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Quiz - dorsal spino-cerebellar tract

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Quiz - spino-olivar tract

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Quiz - vestibulo-cerebellar tracts

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Quiz - neocerebellar circuits

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Scheme of visual pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck
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Retina

Microscopic view of retinal layers, stained by H+E

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Macula

Macula and central fovea

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Optic chiasma

Optic chiasma and optic tract

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Optic tract

Optic tract and its termination in lateral geniculate body

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Lateral geniculate body

Frontal section at the level of lateral geniculate body

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Lateral geniculate body

Microscopic section through lateral geniculate body

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Midbrain

Microscopic section through the midbrain- silver impregnation

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Midbrain

Microscopic section through the mesencephalon - Nissl staining

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Gennar´s stria

Microscopic section through visual cortex. Gennar´s stria - termination of geniculo-cortical pathway visible by naked ey as a white strip

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Visual pathway

Videodemonstration of visual pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Optic chiasma

Videodemonstration of optic nerve and optic chiasma

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Scheme of auditory pathway

Scheme of neurones of auditory pathway. 4 neuronal afferent centripetal tract terminating in the primary acoustic cortex of temporal lobe. Receptor: hairs cells of Corti organ inside the membranous cochlear duct of inner ear. Receptors are surrounded by dendrites of bipolar neurons of the cochlear ganglion (1. N). Axons of bipolar neurons form the cochlear nerve. Cochlear nerve terminates in the cochlear nuclei (2. N) in the brainstem. From cochlear nuclei information go by the lateral lemniscus into the inferior collicle (3. N) in the mesencephalon. Signals interpolate in the inferior collicle and continue to the medial geniculate body (4. N). The last part of the auditory tract – acustic radiation (geniculo-cortical tract) continue into the upper part of the temporal lobe – transverse temporal gyruses (primary acustic cortex). Between the basic neurons of the auditory pathway there are inserted interstitial (relay neurons) which are grouped into independent nuclei : nucleus olivaris superior, nucleus corporis trapezoidei, nucleus lemnisci lateralis.

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Anatomy of the head and neck
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Cochlea

Microscopic section through cochlea - section through modiolus, hematoxylin-eosin staining

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Organ of Corti

Microscopic section through the organ of Corti

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Internal acustic meatus

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Cochlear ganglion

Cochler ganglion is placed in lamina spiralis ossea and it contains mainly bipolar neurons (only 10 % are pseudounipolar neurons) – 1. N of the acoustic tract. Their dendrites surrounds bases of inner and outer hair cells together with axons of the controll acoustic pathways. Their axons (cochlear nerve) run from the cochlear ganglion through the modiolus (canales longitudinales modioli) to lower anterior part of the fundus of internal acoustic meatus (tractus spiralis foraminosus) and they joint the vestibular nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve.

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Brainstem

Brainstem and origin of vestibulocochlear nerve

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Brainstem

Dorsal aspect of brainstem

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Oblongate

Microscopic section through brainstem at the level of cochlera nuclei

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Pons-midbrain junction at the level of inferior colliculus

Microscopic section through pons-midbrain junction at th elevel of inferior colliculus, Nissl staining

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Lateral aspect of the hemisphere

Lateral aspect of the hemispere with the cortical representation of auditory areas

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Auditory pathway - 1st neuron

The video demonstrates the first part of auditory pathway

Anatomy of the head and neck
Auditory pathway - 2nd a nd 3rd neuron

Videodemonstration of 2nd and 3rd neurons of auditory pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Auditory pathway - general overview

Videodemonstration of auditory pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Medial geniculate body

Lateral aspect of brainstem and geniculate bodies

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Vestibular pathway

Scheme of vestibular pathway

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Ampullar crest

Vestibular sensory cells (hairy cells) forming ampullar crest

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Utricular maculla

Accumulation of sensory cells forming the utricular maculla in vestibulum

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Semicircular canals

Semicircular canals dissected in temporal bone

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Brainstem

Dorsal aspect of brainstem

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Brainstem

Brainstem and origin of vestibulocochlear nerve

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Oblongate

Microscopic section through brainstem at the level of cochlera nuclei

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Cerebellum

Ventral view on cerebellum

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Thalamus

Microscopic section through thalamus, frontal section, Nissl staining

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Vestibular pathway - 1st neuron

Videodemonstration of vestibular pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Vestibular pathway - complete overview

Videodemonstration of vestibular pathway - general overview

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Olfactory pathway

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Cribriforme plate

Through the cribriforme plate passes olfactory fibres

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Olfactory pathway - 1st video

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Ventral aspect of the brain

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Olfactory pathway - complete record

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Gustatory pathway

Schema of gustatory pathway

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Taste bud

Microscopic picture of taste buds

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Tongue

Dorsal surface of the tongue

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Medulla

Microscopic section through medulla, solitary tract, Nissl staining

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Anatomy of the head and neck
Gustatory pathway - video

The course and termination of gustatory pathway

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Anatomy of the head and neck